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The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic era.
Europe first, also known as Germany first, was the key element of the grand strategy agreed upon by the United States and the United Kingdom during World War II after the United States joined the war in December 1941.
1826 – Scottish explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach the fabled city of Timbuktu, but is murdered upon leaving the city. [99] 1827 – Jedediah Smith crosses the Sierra Nevada (via Ebbetts Pass) and the Great Basin. [29] 1828 – French explorer René Caillié is the first European to return alive from Timbuktu.
The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania, and is thus considered one of the most important events in European history. The 0s began on January 1, AD 1 and ended on December 31, AD 9, covering the first nine years of the Common Era.
1054 – Byzantine Empire, Kingdom of Georgia, Bulgaria, Serbs, and Rus' are Orthodox Catholics with East-West Schism while Western Europe becomes Roman Catholic; 1124 – Conversion of Pomerania; 1160s – Obotrites; c. 1200 – (Southwestern) Finland; 1227 – Livonia (including mainland Estonia and northern Latvia), Cumania (Transylvania ...
[citation needed] The first mention of the concepts of "Europe" and "European" dates back to 754 in the Mozarabic Chronicle. The Chronicle contains the earliest known reference in a Latin text to "Europeans" ( europenses ), whom it describes as having defeated the Saracens at the battle of Tours in 732.
At the end of the first wave a new wave of European colonization took shape and is known as the period of New Imperialism, which started in the late 19th-century and primarily focused on Africa and Asia, which is congruent with the period of classical modernity. Both periods are considered as the establishing periods of globalization and modernity
A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present (3rd ed. 2009, 2 vol), 1412 pp. Mowat, R. B. History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789 (1928) 324 pp. online free; Nussbaum, Frederick L. The triumph of science and reason, 1660–1685 (1953), Despite the narrow title is a general survey of European history. Parker, Geoffrey.