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John Calvin taught double predestination. He wrote the foundational work on this topic, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1539), while living in Strasbourg after his expulsion from Geneva and consulting regularly with the Reformed theologian Martin Bucer.
Advocates of double predestination, however, understand the text to mean that God unconditionally hardened Pharaoh's heart. John Piper says, "The phrase 'so then' [in Rom. 9:16] requires that God actually hardens whomever he desires to harden.
John Stephen Piper (born January 11, 1946) is an American theologian and pastor in the Reformed Baptist tradition. He is also chancellor of Bethlehem College and Seminary in Minneapolis, Minnesota . [ 4 ]
While most Roman Catholic theologians reject a strict doctrine of double predestination (the Calvinist belief), a minority in the early 16th century saw it as consistent with their Augustinian heritage. [31] Post-Reformation Roman Catholicism has remained largely outside the debate, although Thomist and Molinist views continue within the church.
Double predestination, or the double decree, is the doctrine that God actively reprobates, or decrees damnation of some, as well as salvation for those whom he has elected. During the Protestant Reformation John Calvin held this double predestinarian view: [ 82 ] [ 83 ] "By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God, by which he ...
Unconditional election (also called sovereign election [1] or unconditional grace) is a Calvinist doctrine relating to predestination that describes the actions and motives of God prior to his creation of the world, when he predestined some people to receive salvation, the elect, and the rest he left to continue in their sins and receive the just punishment, eternal damnation, for their ...
The doctrine of predestination "does not stand at the beginning of the dogmatic system as it does in Zwingli or Beza", but, according to Fahlbusch, it "does tend to burst through the soteriological-Christological framework." [24] In contrast to some other Protestant Reformers, Calvin taught double predestination.
Bray, John (December 1972), "Theodore Beza's Doctrine of Predestination", Church History, 41 (4), Cambridge University Press: 529, doi:10.2307/3163884, ISSN 0009-6407, JSTOR 3163884, S2CID 246999063 Christian Reformed Church (1987), Ecumenical Creeds & Confessions , Grand Rapids: Faith Alive Christian Resources, ISBN 978-0-930265-34-2 ...