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1912 Ukrainian version of the alleged correspondence in Mykola Arkas's History of Ukraine–Rus '. The Correspondence between the Ottoman sultan and the Cossacks, [1] also variously known as the Correspondence between the Cossacks and the Ottoman/Turkish sultan, [1] is a collection of apocryphal letters claiming to be between a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (usually identified as Mehmed IV [2 ...
However, despite his army having suffered this loss to them, Mehmed demanded that the Cossacks submit to Ottoman rule. The Cossacks, led by Ivan Sirko, replied in a characteristic manner: they wrote a letter, replete with insults and profanities. The painting exhibits the Cossacks' pleasure at striving to come up with ever more base vulgarities.
The Ottoman Empire had annexed much of Eastern Europe under the control of grand vizier Mehmed IV through multiple successful conquests. After Poland’s surrender of most of Right Bank Ukraine in 1681 the Ottoman Empire bordered with Poland, the Habsburg monarchy and the Tsardom of Russia. [1]
Turkish-Tatar army launched their campaign into the Sich once the rivers froze, at night to avoid getting detected. However, they were noticed by a Cossack named Shevchuk or Chefchika, who alerted his comrades, and made the presence of intruders in the Sich known to the other 150–350 Cossacks, which allowed them to react on time and equip their guns.
The name Aq Qoyunlu, literally meaning "those with white sheep", [23] is first mentioned in late 14th century sources. It has been suggested that this name refers to old totemic symbols, but according to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Turks were forbidden to eat the flesh of their totem-animals, and so this is unlikely given the importance of mutton in the diet of pastoral nomads.
The Zaporozhian Sich (Polish: Sicz Zaporoska, Ukrainian: Запорозька Січ, Zaporozka Sich; also Ukrainian: Вольностi Вiйська Запорозького Низового, Volnosti Viiska Zaporozkoho Nyzovoho; Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower) [1] was a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state [2] of Cossacks that existed between the 16th to 18th centuries ...
From November 2012 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when A. Eugene Washington joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a 1.3 percent return on your investment, compared to a 0.7 percent return from the S&P 500.
Although Pius II officially declared a three-year crusade at the Council of Mantua to recapture Constantinople from the Ottomans, the leaders who promised 80,000 soldiers to it reneged on their commitment. [14] The Ottoman Empire was free, for several decades, from any further serious attempts to push it out of Europe. [5]