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Inadequate β-cell mass can lead to insulin insufficiency and diabetes. During times of prolonged metabolic demand for insulin, the endocrine pancreas can respond by increasing β-cell mass, both by increasing cell size and by changing the balance between β-cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Patients with insulin resistance or prediabetes can often prevent developing type 2 diabetes by making lifestyle changes such as: Increasing physical activity Eating a balanced diet low in sugar
In the early days of insulin treatment for type 1 diabetes there was much debate as to whether strict control of hyperglycaemia would delay or prevent the long-term complications of diabetes. The work of Pirart [ 50 ] suggested that microvascular complications of diabetes were less likely to occur in individuals with better glycaemic control.
Also, sometimes people can develop drug-induced diabetes, which is where medications have side effects that tend to increase blood glucose levels. The mechanism for both of these is thought to be related to insulin resistance (like type 2 diabetes), rather than an autoimmune destruction process (like in type 1 diabetes).
The Randle cycle, also known as the glucose fatty-acid cycle, is a metabolic process involving the cross inhibition of glucose and fatty acids for substrates. [1] It is theorized to play a role in explaining type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.
In states of insulin resistance, beta cells in the pancreas increase their production of insulin. This causes high blood insulin (hyperinsulinemia) to compensate for the high blood glucose. During this compensated phase of insulin resistance, beta cell function is upregulated, insulin levels are higher, and blood glucose levels are still ...
The recognised forms of MODY are all due to ineffective insulin production or release by pancreatic beta cells. Several of the defects are mutations of transcription factor genes. One form is due to mutations of the glucokinase gene. For each form of MODY, multiple specific mutations involving different amino acid substitutions have been ...
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by insufficient or non-existent production of insulin, while type 2 is primarily due to a decreased response to insulin in the tissues of the body (insulin resistance). Both types of diabetes, if untreated, result in too much glucose remaining in the blood (hyperglycemia) and many of the same complications ...