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[81] 25 December was the date of the winter solstice in the Roman calendar. [77] The Calendar of Antiochus of Athens, c. 2nd century AD, marks 25 December as the "birthday of the Sun". [82] The following century, from AD 274, the Roman festival Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (birthday of Sol Invictus, the 'Invincible Sun') was held on 25 December. [77]
In a sermon delivered in Antioch on December 25, c. 386, John Chrysostom provides specific information about the feast there, stating that the feast had existed for about 10 years. [113] By around 385 the feast for the birth of Jesus was distinct from that of the Baptism and was held on December 25 in Constantinople, Nyssa and Amaseia.
There are several celebrations within Christmastide, including Christmas Day (25 December), Saint Stephen's Day (26 December), Childermas (28 December), New Year's Eve (31 December), the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ or the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God , and the Feast of the Holy Family (date varies).
The most likely cultural context for both Matthew and Luke is Jewish Christian or mixed Gentile/Jewish-Christian circles rooted in Jewish tradition. [25] These readers would have known that the Roman Senate had declared Julius Caesar a god and his successor Augustus to be divi filius , the Son of God before he became a god himself on his death ...
As a result, December 25 on the Julian calendar currently corresponds to January 7 on the calendar used by most governments and people in everyday life. Therefore, the aforementioned Orthodox Christians mark December 25 (and thus Christmas) on the day that is internationally considered to be January 7. [200]
27 December is the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, while the 28 December is Childermass or the Feast of the Holy Innocents, in observance of the Massacre of the Innocents of the Nativity narrative, in which Herod the Great, king of Judea, orders the execution of all male children who are two years old and under in the vicinity of Bethlehem.
December 25 was a Wednesday in 3 BC, and March 25 was a Friday in AD 29. [187] The Liber Generationis, a work found alongside Hippolytus work, states that Jesus lived 30 years and gives an interval of 206 between the Passion and the "present day", which was the year 5738 after Adam, the 13th of Severus Alexander [AD 234]. This implies a birth ...
In the Armenian Apostolic and Armenian Catholic Churches, Saint Stephen's Day falls on 25 December – the day on which the feast of the Nativity of Jesus (Christmas) falls in all other churches. This is because the Armenian churches maintain the decree of Constantine, which stipulated that the Nativity and Theophany of Jesus were to be ...