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Patiromer was generally well tolerated in studies. Side effects that occurred in more than 2% of patients included in clinical trials were mainly gastro-intestinal problems such as constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and flatulence, and also hypomagnesemia (low levels of magnesium in the blood) in 5% of patients, because patiromer binds magnesium in the gut as well.
They are also used to remove potassium, calcium, and sodium from solutions in technical applications. Common side effects include loss of appetite, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and low blood calcium. [1] These polymers are derived from polystyrene by the addition of sulfonate functional groups.
Potassium binders are medications that bind potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby preventing its intestinal absorption. This category formerly consisted solely of polystyrene sulfonate, a polyanionic resin attached to a cation, administered either orally or by retention enema to patients who are at risk of developing hyperkalaemia (abnormal high serum potassium levels).
Persons consuming more than 10 grams/day of calcium carbonate (4 grams of elemental calcium) are at risk of developing milk-alkali syndrome, [19] but the condition has been reported in at least one person consuming only 2.5 grams/day of calcium carbonate (1 gram of elemental calcium), an amount usually considered moderate and safe. [20]
Calcium deposits known as limbus sign may be visible in the eyes. [7] Symptoms are more common at high calcium blood values (12.0 mg/dL or 3 mmol/L). [6] Severe hypercalcaemia (above 15–16 mg/dL or 3.75–4 mmol/L) is considered a medical emergency: at these levels, coma and cardiac arrest can result.
3.5, [5] [14] 3.6 [15] 5.0, [5] [14] [15] 5.1: mmol/L or mEq/L [14] See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia: 14 [17] 20 [17] mg/dL Chloride (Cl) 95, [14] 98, [18] 100 [5] 105, [14] 106, [18] 110 [5] mmol/L or mEq/L [14] See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia: 340 [19] 370 [19] mg/dL Ionized calcium (Ca) 1.03, [20] 1.10 [5] 1.23, [20] 1.30 [5] mmol/L: See ...
This is 10 mL of 10% calcium chloride or 30 mL of 10% calcium gluconate. [13] Though calcium chloride is more concentrated, it is caustic to the veins and should only be given through a central line. [13] Onset of action is less than one to three minutes and lasts about 30–60 minutes. [13]
Calmodulin is a small, highly conserved protein that is 148 amino acids long (16.7 kDa). The protein has two approximately symmetrical globular domains (the N- and C- domains) each containing a pair of EF hand motifs [5] separated by a flexible linker region for a total of four Ca 2+ binding sites, two in each globular domain. [6]
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