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  2. Spironolactone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spironolactone

    While loop diuretics remain first-line for most people with heart failure, spironolactone has been shown to reduce both morbidity and mortality in numerous studies and remains an important agent for treating fluid retention, edema, and symptoms of heart failure.

  3. RALES (trial) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RALES_(trial)

    Spironolactone reduced the risk of death by 30% compared to placebo. Additionally, there was a 35% reduction in the risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure in the spironolactone group. Finally, patients treated with spironolactone reported significant improvements in heart failure symptoms.

  4. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor...

    However, spironolactone is metabolized to three active metabolites, which give it prolonged activity (13.8 – 16. 5 hours). Spironolactone has a long half-life and is excreted 47-51% through kidneys. Patients with chronic kidney disease therefore require close monitoring when taking the drug. Spironolactone is also eliminated through feces (35-41%

  5. Management of heart failure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_heart_failure

    Sleep apnea is an under-recognized risk factor for heart failure. Uncontrolled sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart failure by up to 140%. [4] Weight reduction – through physical activity and dietary modification, as obesity is a risk factor for heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy. Effective weight management has been shown ...

  6. Heart failure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

    Heart failure (HF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF), is a syndrome caused by an impairment in the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood.. Although symptoms vary based on which side of the heart is affected, HF typically presents with shortness of breath, excessive fatigue, and bilateral leg swelling. [3]

  7. Cardiovascular agents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_agents

    Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]

  8. Cardiotonic agent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotonic_agent

    Digoxin helps alleviate symptoms and reduce hospitalizations related to heart failure, but it does not offer any mortality-reducing benefits. [86] Digoxin may be considered in patients who remain symptomatic despite receiving treatment with a first-line combination of an ACE inhibitor (or ARNI ), a beta-blocker , and a mineralocorticoid ...

  9. Pharmacodynamics of spironolactone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacodynamics_of...

    Spironolactone has been identified as an inhibitor of NRG1‐ERBB4 signaling. [142] Spironolactone has been found to act as a potent inhibitor of the pannexin 1 channel, and this action appears to be involved in its antihypertensive effects independently of MR antagonism. [143] Spironolactone has been found to block hERG channels. [144]

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