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2. Spironolactone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spironolactone

   [medical citation needed] The most common use of spironolactone is in the treatment of heart failure. [36] On its own, spironolactone is only a weak diuretic because it primarily targets the distal nephron (collecting tubule), where only small amounts of sodium are reabsorbed, but it can be combined with other diuretics to increase efficacy.

3. RALES (trial) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RALES_(trial)

   The RALES trial established spironolactone as a vital component of therapy for patients with severe heart failure, demonstrating significant reductions in mortality and hospitalization and improvements in symptoms. The trial's findings have been instrumental in shaping current heart failure treatment guidelines and improving patient outcomes.

4. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor...

   However, spironolactone is metabolized to three active metabolites, which give it prolonged activity (13.8 – 16. 5 hours). Spironolactone has a long half-life and is excreted 47-51% through kidneys. Patients with chronic kidney disease therefore require close monitoring when taking the drug. Spironolactone is also eliminated through feces (35-41%

5. Potassium-sparing diuretic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium-sparing_diuretic

   They are typically used as an adjunct in management of hypertension, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure. [3] The steroidal aldosterone antagonists can also be used for treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone, a steroidal aldosterone antagonist, is also used in management of female hirsutism and acne from PCOS or other ...

6. Loop diuretic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_diuretic

   Heart failure - Giving 2.5 times of previous oral dose twice daily for those with acute decompensated heart failure is a reasonable strategy. However, daily assessment of clinical response is needed to adjust the subsequent doses. [6] Edema - Volume overload associated with liver cirrhosis, heart failure, or nephrotic syndrome [11]

7. Management of heart failure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_heart_failure

   Sleep apnea is an under-recognized risk factor for heart failure. Uncontrolled sleep apnea may increase the risk of heart failure by up to 140%. [4] Weight reduction – through physical activity and dietary modification, as obesity is a risk factor for heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy. Effective weight management has been shown ...

8. Eplerenone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eplerenone

   Eplerenone may have a lower incidence than spironolactone of sexual side effects such as feminization, gynecomastia, impotence, low sex drive and reduction of size of male genitalia. [18] This is because other antimineralocorticoids have structural elements of the progesterone molecule, causing progestogenic and antiandrogenic outcomes. [ 4 ]

9. Cardiovascular agents - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_agents

   Cardiovascular agents generally have narrow therapeutic indices, implying that small differences in dose or blood concentration may give rise to adverse drug reactions. [45] Serious acute toxicity may result from accidental, intentional or iatrogenic overdose. [46] Therefore, patients need to be aware of any unusual and serious side effects.