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How to define a normal or abnormal nuchal translucency measurement can be difficult. The use of a single millimeter cutoff (such as 2.5 or 3.0 mm) is inappropriate because nuchal translucency measurements normally increases with gestational age (by approximately 15% to 20% per gestational week from 10 to 13 weeks). [10]
Perhaps the most common such test uses a measurement of the nuchal translucency thickness ("NT-test", or "Nuchal Scan"). Although 91% of fetuses affected by Down syndrome exhibit this defect, 5% of fetuses flagged by the test do not have Down syndrome. Ultrasound may also detect fetal organ anomaly.
He is also the Founder and Chairman of the UK Charity, the Fetal Medicine Foundation, which he set up in 1995. [6] The main source of income of the Charity is a private clinic, and the Fetal Medicine Foundation has donated more than £45 million to finance the training of doctors from around the world and to carry out major multi-centre ...
First-trimester maternal serum screening can check levels of free β-hCG, PAPP-A, intact or beta hCG, or h-hCG in the woman's serum, and combine these with the measurement of nuchal translucency (NT). Some institutions also look for the presence of a fetal nasalbone on the ultrasound.
An impaired placenta cannot support the pregnancy and this may lead to the loss of a chromosomally normal baby. [5] On the other hand, an apparently normal diploid fetus may experience problems with growth or development due to the effects of uniparental disomy (UPD). Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been reported in a number of CPM ...
An AFI between 8 and 18 cm is considered normal. [5] Median AFI level is approximately 14 cm from week 20 to week 35, [6] when the amniotic fluid begins to reduce in preparation for birth. An AFI smaller than 5–6 cm is considered as oligohydramnios. [3]
The use of fetal scalp blood testing originated in Germany in 1961 and required 0.25 mL of blood drawn from the fetus. [1] As one of the first methods of monitoring fetal wellbeing during labor, there were many disadvantages including the need for at least 3 cm dilation of the mother and extreme precision from the physician performing the procedure. [9]
Meningism is a set of symptoms similar to those of meningitis but not caused by meningitis. [1] [3] [4] Whereas meningitis is inflammation of the meninges (membranes that cover the central nervous system), meningism is caused by nonmeningitic irritation of the meninges, usually associated with acute febrile illness, [1] [2] especially in children and adolescents. [2]