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Lisp was the first language developed for artificial intelligence. It includes features intended to support programs that could perform general problem solving, such as lists, associations, schemas (frames), dynamic memory allocation, data types , recursion, associative retrieval, functions as arguments, generators (streams), and cooperative ...
Lisp (historically LISP, an abbreviation of "list processing") is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation. [3] Originally specified in the late 1950s, it is the second-oldest high-level programming language still in common use, after Fortran.
Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp (ISBN 1-55860-191-0) is a well-known programming book by Peter Norvig about artificial intelligence programming using Common Lisp. History [ edit ]
Statically and dynamically scoped Lisp dialect developed by a loose formation of industrial and academic Lisp users and developers across Europe; the standardizers intended to create a new Lisp "less encumbered by the past" (compared to Common Lisp), and not so minimalist as Scheme, and to integrate the object-oriented programming paradigm well ...
For example, it introduced metaclasses and, along with Flavors and CommonLoops, influenced the Common Lisp Object System, or , that is now part of Common Lisp, the current standard Lisp dialect. CLOS is a Lisp-based object-oriented system that allows multiple inheritance , in addition to incremental extensions to both classes and metaclasses ...
In artificial intelligence (AI), an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. [1] Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural programming code. [ 2 ]
Specialized computer hardware is often used to execute artificial intelligence (AI) programs faster, and with less energy, such as Lisp machines, neuromorphic engineering, event cameras, and physical neural networks. Since 2017, several consumer grade CPUs and SoCs have on-die NPUs. As of 2023, the market for AI hardware is dominated by GPUs. [1]
The code examples were highlighted as being the strength of the book, being small enough to understand, but large enough to illustrate and motivate important techniques in symbolic programming. [8] In a 1993 review of Artificial Intelligence by Doris Appleby, the 1989 edition of LISP was reviewed in its role as a companion reference. Appleby ...