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Values of ρ b of b = 1 through b = 6 are obtained from the application of the appropriate member of the pair equations 1 and 2 for the case when h = h b+1. [ 2 ] In these equations, g 0 , M and R * are each single-valued constants, while ρ , L , T and h are multi-valued constants in accordance with the table below.
During straight and level flight, the load factor is +1 if the aircraft is flown "the right way up", [2]: 90 whereas it becomes −1 if the aircraft is flown "upside-down" (inverted). In both cases the lift vector is the same (as seen by an observer on the ground), but in the latter the vertical axis of the aircraft points downwards, making the ...
These curves typically intersect at some altitude higher than the maximum permitted altitude for the aircraft. This intersection is the coffin corner, or more formally the Q corner. [3] The above explanation is based on level, constant speed, flight with a given gross weight and load factor of 1.0 G. The specific altitudes and speeds of the ...
The increase in altitude necessary for P or ρ to drop to 1/e of its initial value is called the scale height: H = R T M g 0 {\displaystyle H={\frac {RT}{Mg_{0}}}} where R is the ideal gas constant, T is temperature, M is average molecular weight, and g 0 is the gravitational acceleration at the planet's surface.
V x increases with altitude and V Y decreases with altitude until they converge at the airplane's absolute ceiling, the altitude above which the airplane cannot climb in steady flight. The Cessna 172 is a four-seat aircraft. At maximum weight it has a V Y of 75 kn (139 km/h) indicated airspeed [4] providing a rate of climb of 721 ft/min (3.66 m/s).
In the diagram at right, the green line represents, 2-g, the blue line 3-g, and so on. The F-16 Fighting Falcon has a very small area just below Mach 1 and close to sea level where it can maintain a 9-g turn. Flying outside the envelope is possible, since it represents the straight-and-level condition only.
Combining these equations gives = /, which can then be incorporated with the equation for H given above to give =, which will not change unless the temperature does. Integrating the above and assuming P 0 is the pressure at height z = 0 (pressure at sea level ), the pressure at height z can be written as P = P 0 exp ( − z H ...
The term "Kármán line" was invented by Andrew G. Haley in a 1959 paper, [20] based on the chart in von Kármán's 1956 paper, but Haley acknowledged that the 275,000 feet (52.08 mi; 83.82 km) limit was theoretical and would change as technology improved, as the minimum speed in von Kármán's calculations was based on the speed-to-weight ...