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In calculus, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) [a] is a technique for numerical integration, i.e., approximating the definite integral: (). The trapezoidal rule works by approximating the region under the graph of the function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} as a trapezoid and calculating its area.
Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]
Romberg's method is a Newton–Cotes formula – it evaluates the integrand at equally spaced points. The integrand must have continuous derivatives, though fairly good results may be obtained if only a few derivatives exist.
Suppose that we want to solve the differential equation ′ = (,). The trapezoidal rule is given by the formula + = + ((,) + (+, +)), where = + is the step size. [1]This is an implicit method: the value + appears on both sides of the equation, and to actually calculate it, we have to solve an equation which will usually be nonlinear.
In geometry, a trapezoid (/ ˈ t r æ p ə z ɔɪ d /) in North American English, or trapezium (/ t r ə ˈ p iː z i ə m /) in British English, [1] [2] is a quadrilateral that has at least one pair of parallel sides.
As the integrand is the third-degree polynomial y(x) = 7x 3 – 8x 2 – 3x + 3, the 2-point Gaussian quadrature rule even returns an exact result. In numerical analysis , an n -point Gaussian quadrature rule , named after Carl Friedrich Gauss , [ 1 ] is a quadrature rule constructed to yield an exact result for polynomials of degree 2 n − 1 ...
These formulas are equivalent for a quadratic function, but for nonlinear optimization the preferred formula is a matter of heuristics or taste. A popular choice is β = max { 0 , β P R } {\displaystyle \displaystyle \beta =\max\{0,\beta ^{PR}\}} , which provides a direction reset automatically.
The method of exhaustion (Latin: methodus exhaustionis) is a method of finding the area of a shape by inscribing inside it a sequence of polygons whose areas converge to the area of the containing shape.