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Soil particle density is lower for soils with high organic matter content, [45] and is higher for soils with high iron-oxides content. [46] Soil bulk density is equal to the dry mass of the soil divided by the volume of the soil; i.e., it includes air space and organic materials of the soil volume.
It has two planes of silicon, one of aluminium and one of magnesium; hence it is a 2:2 clay. [43] Chlorite does not swell and it has low CEC. [41] [44] Kaolinite is a very common, highly weathered clay, and more common than montmorillonite in acid soils. [45] It has one silica and one alumina plane per crystal; hence it is a 1:1 type clay.
Soil texture is the analysis and classification of the particle size distribution in soil. The relative amounts of sand, silt, and clay particles determine a soil's texture, which affects the appearance, feel and chemical properties of the soil. [12] Soil texture-by-feel method
Soil texture is a classification instrument used both in the field and laboratory to determine soil classes based on their physical texture. Soil texture can be determined using qualitative methods such as texture by feel, and quantitative methods such as the hydrometer method based on Stokes' law .
Temperature variations are most extreme at the surface of the soil and these variations are transferred to sub surface layers but at reduced rates as depth increases. Additionally there is a time delay as to when maximum and minimum temperatures are achieved at increasing soil depth (sometimes referred to as thermal lag). One possible way of ...
Soil texture and structure strongly affect soil porosity and gas diffusion. It is the total pore space of soil, not the pore size, and the degree of pore interconnection (or conversely pore sealing), together with water content, air turbulence and temperature, that determine the rate of diffusion of gases into and out of soil.
Laterite is a soil type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas. Nearly all laterites are of rusty-red coloration, because of high iron oxide content.
The reduced iron compounds cause poorly drained soil to appear gray or blue, and because reduced iron is soluble in water, it may be removed from the soil during prolonged saturation. This often exposes the light gray colors of bare silicate minerals, and soils with a low chroma from iron reduction or depletion are said to be gleyed .