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Arterial baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus (at the bifurcation of common carotid artery into external and internal carotids) and in the aortic arch. [5] The baroreceptors can identify the changes in both the average blood pressure or the rate of change in pressure with each arterial pulse.
The carotid sinus contains numerous baroreceptors which function as a "sampling area" for many homeostatic mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure. The carotid sinus baroreceptors are innervated by the carotid sinus nerve , which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).
The system relies on specialized neurons, known as baroreceptors, chiefly in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses, to monitor changes in blood pressure and relay them to the medulla oblongata. Baroreceptors are stretch receptors and respond to the pressure induced stretching of the blood vessel in which they are found.
The carotid body is a small cluster of peripheral chemoreceptor cells and supporting sustentacular cells situated at the bifurcation of each common carotid artery in its tunica externa. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of arterial oxygen , but also ...
Function [ edit ] It conveys information from the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus to the vasomotor center in the brainstem (in order to mediate blood pressure homeostasis ), and from chemoreceptors of the carotid body [ further explanation needed ] (mainly conveying information about partial pressures of blood oxygen, and carbon dioxide).
The differing locations of the two bodies ideally position them to take advantage of different information; the carotid bodies, located on one of the main arteries of the neck, monitor partial pressure within arterial vessels while aortic body, located on the aortic arch, monitors oxygen concentration closer to the heart. [3]
change of blood pH, detected by peripheral chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies and in the carotid bodies. [4] change of blood pressure, detected by arterial baroreceptors in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses. [2] various other inputs from the hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. [4]
High pressure receptors or high pressure baroreceptors are the baroreceptors found within the aortic arch and carotid sinus. They are only sensitive to blood pressures above 60 mmHg . When these receptors are activated they elicit a depressor response; which decreases the heart rate and causes a general vasodilation .