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Martensite has a lower density than austenite, so that the martensitic transformation results in a relative change of volume. [4] Of considerably greater importance than the volume change is the shear strain, which has a magnitude of about 0.26 and which determines the shape of the plates of martensite. [5]
At high cooling rates, the material will transform from austenite to martensite which is much harder and will generate cracks at much lower strains. The volume change (martensite is less dense than austenite) [9] can generate stresses as well. The difference in strain rates of the inner and outer portion of the part may cause cracks to develop ...
This change in macroscopic behavior of the material can be linked to the evolution of microstructure from dimple to quasi-cleavage fracture morphology. [13] Aging followed by solution treatment of selective laser melted steels also reduces the amount of retained austenite in the martensitic matrix and lead to change in the grain orientation. [14]
Virtually generated microstructure of dual-phase steel. [1]Dual-phase steel (DP steel) is a high-strength steel that has a ferritic–martensitic microstructure. DP steels are produced from low or medium carbon steels that are quenched from a temperature above A 1 but below A 3 determined from continuous cooling transformation diagram.
Austenitic stainless steel is one of the five classes of stainless steel as defined by crystalline structure (along with ferritic, martensitic, duplex and precipitation hardened). [1] Its primary crystalline structure is austenite (face-centered cubic). Such steels are not hardenable by heat treatment and are essentially non-magnetic. [2]
Martensitic stainless steels can be high- or low-carbon steels built around the composition of iron, 12% up to 17% chromium, carbon from 0.10% (Type 410) up to 1.2% (Type 440C): [9] Up to about 0.4%C they are used mostly for their mechanical properties in applications such as pumps, valves, and shafts.
In steel it produces a bainite microstructure whereas in cast irons it produces a structure of acicular ferrite and high carbon, stabilized austenite known as ausferrite. It is primarily used to improve mechanical properties or reduce / eliminate distortion. Austempering is defined by both the process and the resultant microstructure.
A deeper eutectic or more rapid cooling will result in finer lamellae; as the size of an individual lamellum approaches zero, the system will instead retain its high-temperature structure. Two common cases of this include cooling a liquid to form an amorphous solid, and cooling eutectoid austenite to form martensite.