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A urine test is any medical test performed on a urine specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the kidneys and urinary system , and specimens are easy to obtain. [ 1 ]
Abnormal kidney function may cause too much or too little urine to be produced. The ability of the kidneys to filter protein is often measured, as urine albumin or urine protein levels, [2] measured either at a single instance or, because of variation throughout the day, as 24-hour urine tests. [citation needed]
Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, [1] is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.
Urinary albumin excretion can also be measured by urinary albumin/creatinine ratio in a spot urine sample, which is as accurate but more convenient than a 24-hour urine collection. [ 29 ] It is recommended that individuals with diabetes have their albumin levels checked annually, beginning immediately after a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and ...
An expected creatinine concentration indicates that the test sample is undiluted, whereas low amounts of creatinine in the urine indicate either a manipulated test or low initial baseline creatinine concentrations. Test samples considered manipulated due to low creatinine are not tested, and the test is sometimes considered failed.
Automatic analysis of urine test strips using automated urine test strip analysers is a well-established practice in modern-day urinalysis. They can measure calcium , blood, glucose, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, leukocytes, creatinine , microalbumin , pH, ascorbic acid and protein.
Managing diabetes, hyperthyroidism and regular kidney function tests can help in reducing excretion of sugars in urine. [citation needed] SGLT-2 inhibitor drugs like dapagliflozin and canagliflozin have recently been approved for lowering blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [4]
This is because patients experience polyuria (an excretion of over 2.5 liters of urine per day), and the urine does not have an elevated glucose concentration, as opposed to diabetes mellitus. The two diseases were named (in ancient times) for the fact that one features polyuria in which the urine tastes sweet, whereas the other features ...