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  2. Ground effect (aerodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)

    During takeoff, ground effect can cause the aircraft to "float" while below the recommended climb speed. The pilot can then fly just above the runway while the aircraft accelerates in ground effect until a safe climb speed is reached. [2] For rotorcraft, ground effect results in less drag on the rotor during hovering close to the ground. At ...

  3. Lun-class ekranoplan - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lun-class_ekranoplan

    The ground effect occurs when flying at an altitude of only a few metres above the ocean or ground; drag is greatly reduced by the proximity of the ground preventing the formation of wingtip vortices, thus increasing the efficiency of the wing. This effect does not occur at high altitude. [5] [6] The name Lun comes from the Russian word for the ...

  4. Ground-effect vehicle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-effect_vehicle

    Ekranoplan A-90 Orlyonok. A ground-effect vehicle (GEV), also called a wing-in-ground-effect (WIGE or WIG), ground-effect craft/machine (GEM), wingship, flarecraft, surface effect vehicle or ekranoplan (Russian: экранопла́н – "screenglider"), is a vehicle that is able to move over the surface by gaining support from the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth or water.

  5. Ground effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect

    Ground effect may refer to: Ground effect (aerodynamics), the increased lift and decreased aerodynamic drag of a wing close to a fixed surface; Ground effect (cars), an effect that creates downforce, primarily in racing cars; Ground-effect vehicle, a vehicle which attains level flight near the surface of the Earth due to ground effect

  6. A-90 Orlyonok - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-90_Orlyonok

    The A-90 uses ground effect to fly a few meters above the surface. The Russians classify it as Ekranoplan Class B – it can achieve an altitude of 3,000 m (9,800 ft), placing it between Class A – which is limited to ground effect, and Class C, which exploits the ground effect only during take-offs and landings and otherwise functions as a ...

  7. Ground effect (cars) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_effect_(cars)

    In car design, ground effect is a series of effects which have been exploited in automotive aerodynamics to create downforce, particularly in racing cars.

  8. Caspian Sea Monster - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea_Monster

    The KM was an experimental aircraft developed from 1964 to 1966, during a time when the Soviet Union saw interest in ground effect vehicles—airplane-like vehicles that use ground effect to fly several meters above surfaces, primarily bodies of water (such as the Caspian Sea).

  9. Satellite ground track - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_ground_track

    A satellite ground track or satellite ground trace is the path on the surface of a planet directly below a satellite's trajectory. It is also known as a suborbital track or subsatellite track , and is the vertical projection of the satellite's orbit onto the surface of the Earth (or whatever body the satellite is orbiting). [ 1 ]