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2. Hard water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

   A bathtub faucet with built-up calcification from hard water in Southern Arizona. Hard water is water that has a high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, [1] which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates.

3. Water quality - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality

   Dissolved ions may affect the suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes. The most familiar of these is probably the presence of calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg 2+) that interfere with the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or boilers. [13]

4. Carbonate hardness - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_hardness

   Carbonate hardness, is a measure of the water hardness caused by the presence of carbonate (CO 2− 3) and bicarbonate (HCO − 3) anions. Carbonate hardness is usually expressed either in degrees KH (from the German "Karbonathärte"), or in parts per million calcium carbonate ( ppm CaCO 3 or grams CaCO 3 per litre|mg/L).

5. Water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

   Water hardness is also a critical factor in food processing and may be altered or treated by using a chemical ion exchange system. It can dramatically affect the quality of a product, as well as playing a role in sanitation. Water hardness is classified based on concentration of calcium carbonate the water contains.

6. Radiocarbon dating considerations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating...

   This is known as the hard water effect, because it is often associated with calcium ions, which are characteristic of hard water; however, there can be other sources of carbon that have the same effect, such as humus. The effect is not necessarily confined to freshwater species—at a river mouth, the outflow may affect marine organisms.

7. Hardness - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness

   When testing coatings, scratch hardness refers to the force necessary to cut through the film to the substrate. The most common test is Mohs scale, which is used in mineralogy. One tool to make this measurement is the sclerometer. Another tool used to make these tests is the pocket hardness tester. This tool consists of a scale arm with ...

8. Grain per gallon - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_per_gallon

   The grain per gallon (gpg) is a unit of water hardness defined as 1 grain (64.8 milligrams) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1 US gallon of water (3.785412 L). It translates into 1 part in about 58,000 parts of water or 17.1 parts per million (ppm). Also called Clark degree (in terms of an imperial gallon).

9. Drinking water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water

   Local geological conditions affecting groundwater are determining factors for the presence of various metal ions, often rendering the water "soft" or "hard". [citation needed] In the event of contamination of drinking water, government officials typically issue an advisory regarding water consumption.