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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.
The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, gut wall enzymes, bacterial enzymes, and hepatic enzymes. In drug design, drug candidates may have good druglikeness but fail on first-pass metabolism because it is biochemically selective. [ambiguous]
Toxins and medications can cause liver injury through a variety of mechanisms, including direct cell damage, disruption of cell metabolism, and causing structural changes. [38] Some drugs such as paracetamol exhibit predictable dose-dependent liver damage while others such as isoniazid cause idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary ...
The FDA says women who are taking Veozah may need more frequent blood testing to check for markers of liver problems. In rare cases, the drug may seriously injure the liver, and patients with ...
Users of Alli and Xenical, beware -- the diet drugs may cause liver failure, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In a statement released on May 26, the government agency said ...
Drugs that interact usually share three common features: they are taken orally, normally only a small amount enters systemic blood circulation, and they are metabolized by CYP3A4. [1] The effects on the CYP3A4 in the liver could, in principle, cause interactions with non-oral drugs, [citation needed] and non-CYP3A4-mediated effects also exist. [31]
Pharmacologists have linked drugs to glucuronic acid to allow for more effective delivery of a broad range of potential therapeutics. Sometimes toxic substances are also less toxic after glucuronidation. The conjugation of xenobiotic molecules with hydrophilic molecular species such as glucuronic acid is known as phase II metabolism.
[3] [4] CYP2C19 is a liver enzyme that acts on at least 10% of drugs in current clinical use, [5] most notably the antiplatelet treatment clopidogrel (Plavix), drugs that treat pain associated with ulcers, such as omeprazole, antiseizure drugs such as mephenytoin, the antimalarial proguanil, and the anxiolytic diazepam. [6]
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