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A painting of a gentry scholar with two courtesans, by Tang Yin, c. 1500. The four occupations (simplified Chinese: 士农工商; traditional Chinese: 士農工商; pinyin: Shì nóng gōng shāng), or "four categories of the people" (Chinese: 四民; pinyin: sì mín), [1] [2] was an occupation classification used in ancient China by either Confucian or Legalist scholars as far back as the ...
Shanxi merchants were among the earliest Chinese businessmen and their history could be traced back to the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.Southern Shanxi first came into commercial prominence due to its proximity to the political and cultural centers of ancient China.
The Ten Great Merchant Guilds (simplified Chinese: 十大商帮; traditional Chinese: 十大商幫; pinyin: Shí Dà Shāngbāng) were the variously influential groups of merchants and businessmen in Chinese history. They were: [1] Shanxi Merchants (晉商) - also known as Jin merchants; Huizhou Merchants - based in modern Huangshan, Anhui
Confucian or Legalist scholars in ancient China—perhaps as far back as the late Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 BC)—categorized all socioeconomic groups into four broad and hierarchical occupations (in descending order): the shi (scholars, or gentry), the nong (peasant farmers), the gong (artisans and craftsmen), and the shang (merchants). [1]
Zheng in central China promised not to regulate merchants. Zheng merchants became powerful throughout China, from Yan in the north to Chu in the south. [52] Large feudal estates were broken up, a process hastened when Lu changed its taxation system in 594 BCE. Under the new laws, grain producers were taxed by the amount of land under ...
Some salt merchants, such as the Sichuan merchant Zeng Junchen, in the face of rising salt taxes and government monopoly, used their capital and official connections to enter the opium trade. [55] At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japanese troops quickly seized the salterns in North China. Soon more than half the salt ...
The Ningbo Merchants Group (simplified Chinese: 宁波商帮; traditional Chinese: 寧波商幫; pinyin: Níngbō Shāng Bāng), or just simply Ningbo Group, also known as the Grassroots Businessmen, was one of the ten largest commercial groups during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it became the single biggest commercial regional group of China in the Late Qing dynasty.
A merchant is a person who trades in goods produced by other people, especially one who trades with foreign countries. Merchants have been known for as long as humans have engaged in trade and commerce. Merchants and merchant networks operated in ancient Babylonia, Assyria, China, Egypt, Greece, India, Persia, Phoenicia and Rome.