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The slave trade gradually diminished, and in 1472, only 300 slaves are registered to have been trafficked from Caffa. [21] From the 1440s, Spain and Portugal started to import their slaves from first the Canary Islands, and then from Africa; initially via the trans-Saharan slave trade from Libya, and then by starting the Atlantic slave trade. [22]
In Medieval Italy, slavery was widespread, but was justified more often on religious rather than racial grounds. [32] Over the course of the Early Medieval period, however, Steven Epstein states that people "from regions like the Balkans, Sardinia, and across the Alps" were brought over to the peninsula by Italian merchants, who thus "replenished the stock of slaves". [32]
A freed slave did not have full legal status; for example, the punishment for killing a former slave was low. A former slave’s son also had a low status, but higher than that of his parents. Women were commonly taken as slaves and forced into concubinage for lords.
Imperial slaves and freedmen (the familia Caesaris) worked in mine administration and management. [44] In the Late Republic, about half the gladiators who fought in Roman arenas were slaves, though the most skilled were often free volunteers. [45] The slaves imported into Italy were native Europeans, and very few of them were from outside Europe.
The Barbary slave trade involved the capture and selling of European slaves at slave markets in the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states. European slaves were captured by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Ireland , and the southwest of Britain , as far north as Iceland and into the Eastern ...
The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. [1]
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Subsistence agriculture employed the bulk of the Italian population. Wars, famines, and disease epidemics had a dramatic effect on the demographics of Italy. The agricultural estates of the Roman era did not disappear. They produced an agricultural surplus that was sold in towns; however slavery was replaced by other labour systems such as serfdom.