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2. Kasiski examination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination

   Kasiski actually used "superimposition" to solve the Vigenère cipher. He started by finding the key length, as above. Then he took multiple copies of the message and laid them one-above-another, each one shifted left by the length of the key. Kasiski then observed that each column was made up of letters encrypted with a single alphabet. His ...

3. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

   A Vigenère cipher with a completely random (and non-reusable) key which is as long as the message becomes a one-time pad, a theoretically unbreakable cipher. [15] Gilbert Vernam tried to repair the broken cipher (creating the Vernam–Vigenère cipher in 1918), but the technology he used was so cumbersome as to be impracticable. [16]

4. List of cryptographers - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptographers

   Friedrich Kasiski, author of the first published attack on the Vigenère cipher, now known as the Kasiski test. Auguste Kerckhoffs , known for contributing cipher design principles. Edgar Allan Poe , author of the book, A Few Words on Secret Writing , an essay on cryptanalysis, and The Gold Bug , a short story featuring the use of letter ...

5. Unicity distance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicity_distance

   In cryptography, unicity distance is the length of an original ciphertext needed to break the cipher by reducing the number of possible spurious keys to zero in a brute force attack. That is, after trying every possible key , there should be just one decipherment that makes sense, i.e. expected amount of ciphertext needed to determine the key ...

6. Polyalphabetic cipher - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher

   A polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but is still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.

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8. Index of coincidence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_coincidence

   This technique is used to cryptanalyze the Vigenère cipher, for example. For a repeating-key polyalphabetic cipher arranged into a matrix, the coincidence rate within each column will usually be highest when the width of the matrix is a multiple of the key length, and this fact can be used to determine the key length, which is the first step ...

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   help.aol.com/products/aol-app

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