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2. Kasiski examination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasiski_examination

   Kasiski actually used "superimposition" to solve the Vigenère cipher. He started by finding the key length, as above. Then he took multiple copies of the message and laid them one-above-another, each one shifted left by the length of the key. Kasiski then observed that each column was made up of letters encrypted with a single alphabet. His ...

3. Vigenère cipher - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigenère_cipher

   A Vigenère cipher with a completely random (and non-reusable) key which is as long as the message becomes a one-time pad, a theoretically unbreakable cipher. [15] Gilbert Vernam tried to repair the broken cipher (creating the Vernam–Vigenère cipher in 1918), but the technology he used was so cumbersome as to be impracticable. [16]

4. Polyalphabetic cipher - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher

   A polyalphabetic cipher is a substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets. The Vigenère cipher is probably the best-known example of a polyalphabetic cipher, though it is a simplified special case. The Enigma machine is more complex but is still fundamentally a polyalphabetic substitution cipher.

5. Unicity distance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicity_distance

   In cryptography, unicity distance is the length of an original ciphertext needed to break the cipher by reducing the number of possible spurious keys to zero in a brute force attack. That is, after trying every possible key , there should be just one decipherment that makes sense, i.e. expected amount of ciphertext needed to determine the key ...

6. Index of coincidence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_coincidence

   This technique is used to cryptanalyze the Vigenère cipher, for example. For a repeating-key polyalphabetic cipher arranged into a matrix, the coincidence rate within each column will usually be highest when the width of the matrix is a multiple of the key length, and this fact can be used to determine the key length, which is the first step ...

7. Timeline of cryptography - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography

   This is a specialized machine for cipher-breaking, not a general-purpose calculator or computer. December 1943 – The Colossus computer was built, by Thomas Flowers at The Post Office Research Laboratories in London, to crack the German Lorenz cipher (SZ42). Colossus was used at Bletchley Park during World War II – as a successor to April's ...

8. Download and install the AOL app on Android

   help.aol.com/articles/download-and-install-the...

   Learn more about the AOL app and download it from Google Play. The AOL app is available for Android devices running Android 9.0 or newer. 1. Open the Google Play Store on your device. 2. Type "AOL" in the search field. 3. Choose AOL - News, Mail & Video from the search results. 4. Tap Install. 5. Tap Open. If you're unable to update the AOL app ...

9. Friedrich Kasiski - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Kasiski

   In 1863, Kasiski published a 95-page book on cryptography, Die Geheimschriften und die Dechiffrir-Kunst (German, "Secret writing and the Art of Deciphering"). This was the first published account of a procedure for attacking polyalphabetic substitution ciphers, especially the Vigenère cipher (although it is possible Charles Babbage was already aware of a similar method but had not published it).