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Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are infections of blood caused by blood-borne pathogens. [1] The detection of microbes in the blood (most commonly accomplished by blood cultures [2]) is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from sepsis, which is characterized by severe inflammatory or immune responses of the host organism to ...
In immunology, seroconversion is the development of specific antibodies in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization, including vaccination. [1] [2] During infection or immunization, antigens enter the blood, and the immune system begins to produce antibodies in response. Before seroconversion, the antigen itself may or may not ...
In some cases, pulse oximetry may also be required as pneumonia is known to deplete oxygen levels in the blood. [7] Other vitals such as pulse and body temperature are also checked. Depending on the general health, severity of the disease and age of the patient, several other tests may be required, such as: Blood culture; Thoracocentesis [6] A ...
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention."
Septic shock is low blood pressure due to sepsis that does not improve after fluid replacement. [9] Sepsis is caused by many organisms including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. [10] Common locations for the primary infection include the lungs, brain, urinary tract, skin, and abdominal organs. [2]
Lymphocytopenia is commonly caused by a recent infection, such as the common cold or COVID-19. [3]Lymphocytopenia, but not idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia, is associated with corticosteroid use, infections with HIV and other viral, bacterial, and fungal agents, malnutrition, systemic lupus erythematosus, [4] severe stress, [5] intense or prolonged physical exercise (due to cortisol release ...
Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. [1] Bleeding can occur internally , or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth , nose , ear , urethra , vagina or anus , or through a puncture in the skin .
In general, insulin is given at 0.1 units/kg per hour to reduce blood sugars and suppress ketone production. Guidelines differ as to which dose to use when blood sugar levels start falling; American guidelines recommend reducing the dose of insulin once glucose falls below 16.6 mmol/L (300 mg/dL) [3] and UK guidelines at 14 mmol/L (253 mg/dL). [6]