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  2. Penning ionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning_ionization

    Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. [1] [2] The Penning effect is put to practical use in applications such as gas-discharge neon lamps and fluorescent lamps, where the lamp is filled with a Penning mixture to improve the electrical characteristics of the lamps.

  3. Penning mixture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning_mixture

    A Penning mixture is a mixture of gases that is used in electric gas-discharge lamps. It is defined as a mixture of one inert gas with a minute amount of another gas, one that has lower ionization voltage than the main constituent. It is named after Frans Michel Penning. [1] [2]

  4. Frans Michel Penning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Michel_Penning

    Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules. [7] The Penning effect, as it is often called, describes an ionization chain reaction caused by high energy collision between excited inert gas (i.g. argon) metastable atoms and trace gas impurities whose ionization ...

  5. Chemi-ionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemi-ionization

    Chemi-ionization is the formation of an ion through the reaction of a gas phase atom or molecule with another atom or molecule when the collision energy is below the energy required to ionize the reagents. [1] [2] The reaction may involve a reagent in an excited state [3] or may result in the formation of a new chemical bond.

  6. Gas-phase ion chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas-phase_ion_chemistry

    Gas phase ion chemistry is a field of science encompassed within both chemistry and physics. It is the science that studies ions and molecules in the gas phase, most often enabled by some form of mass spectrometry. By far the most important applications for this science is in studying the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions.

  7. Direct analysis in real time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_analysis_in_real_time

    The DART ion source is a kind of gas-phase ionization, and it requires some sort of volatility of the analyte to support thermally assisted desorption of analyte ions. [14] This limits the size range of the molecules that can be analyzed by DART i.e. m/z 50 to 1200. [1] [15] DART-MS is capable of semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis. To ...

  8. Ion source - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_source

    Electron capture ionization (ECI) is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A −•.The reaction is + where the M over the arrow denotes that to conserve energy and momentum a third body is required (the molecularity of the reaction is three).

  9. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

    A phase diagram in physical chemistry, engineering, mineralogy, and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct phases (such as solid, liquid or gaseous states) occur and coexist at equilibrium.