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A green ballistic pendulum Animation of a ballistic pendulum. A ballistic pendulum is a device for measuring a bullet's momentum, from which it is possible to calculate the velocity and kinetic energy. Ballistic pendulums have been largely rendered obsolete by modern chronographs, which allow direct measurement of the projectile velocity.
A ballistic chronograph or gun chronograph is a measuring instrument used to measure the velocity of a projectile in flight, typically fired from a gun or other firearm.The instrument is often useful for tasks such as gauging the utility of a firearm or safety of non-lethal projectiles fired from items such as a paintball gun or BB gun.
Robins used the ballistic pendulum to measure projectile velocity in two ways. The first was to attach the gun to the pendulum, and measure the recoil. Since the momentum of the gun is equal to the momentum of the ejecta, and since the projectile was (in those experiments) the large majority of the mass of the ejecta, the velocity of the bullet ...
In projectile motion, the horizontal motion and the vertical motion are independent of each other; that is, neither motion affects the other. This is the principle of compound motion established by Galileo in 1638, [ 1 ] and used by him to prove the parabolic form of projectile motion.
A projectile is any object projected into space (empty or not) by the exertion of a force. Although any object in motion through space (for example a thrown baseball) is a projectile, the term most commonly refers to a weapon. [8] [9] Mathematical equations of motion are used to analyze projectile trajectory. [citation needed]
And then to properly design recoil buffering systems to safely dissipate that momentum and energy. To confirm analytical calculations and estimates, once a prototype gun is manufactured, the projectile and gun recoil energy and momentum can be directly measured using a ballistic pendulum and ballistic chronograph.
External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. The projectile may be powered or un-powered, guided or unguided, spin or fin stabilized, flying through an atmosphere or in the vacuum of space, but most certainly flying under the influence of a gravitational field.
Figure 7 shows a plot of muzzle motion caused by an off-axis breech, and a second curve with an added muzzle reference sight. Any off-axis masses can affect the barrel motion. In the case of asymmetrical barrels, the fact that the center of mass of the barrel sections may not coincide with the principal bending axes is also significant.