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Chronic periodontitis is initiated by Gram-negative tooth-associated microbial biofilms that elicit a host response, which results in bone and soft tissue destruction. In response to endotoxin derived from periodontal pathogens, several osteoclast-related mediators target the destruction of alveolar bone and supporting connective tissue such as the periodontal ligament.
Chronic periodontitis is generally slow to moderate in terms of disease progression, although short bursts of increased tissue destruction may occur. Ultimately, tooth loss may occur if the condition is not halted. It is termed localized when less than 30% of sites around teeth are involved, and generalised when more than 30% are involved.
[1] [2] At least 16 systemic diseases have been linked to periodontitis. These systemic diseases are associated with periodontal disease because they generally contribute to either a decreased host resistance to infections or dysfunction in the connective tissue of the gums , increasing patient susceptibility to inflammation-induced destruction.
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. [5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. [5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.
Periodontal abscess—a localized, purulent infection involving a greater dimension of the gum tissue, extending apically and adjacent to a periodontal pocket. [ 3 ] Pericoronal abscess —a localized, purulent infection within the gum tissue surrounding the crown of a partially or fully erupted tooth. [ 3 ]
In periodontal disease, not only does the bone that supports the teeth, known as alveolar bone, reduce in height in relation to the teeth, but the morphology of the remaining alveolar bone is altered. [1] The bone destruction patterns that occur as a result of periodontal disease generally take on characteristic forms.
Aggressive periodontitis was found in 5.9% of the subjects (4.3% localized and 1.6% generalized). This was significantly associated with current smoking and ethnic origin (North African). [citation needed] Eres 2009 examined 3,056 students between the ages of 13 and 19 years at public schools in Turkey.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, nonmotile bacterium that is often found in association with localized aggressive periodontitis, a severe infection of the periodontium. It is also suspected to be involved in chronic periodontitis. [1]