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  2. Penman equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penman_equation

    The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E. Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs ...

  3. Vapor-compression evaporation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor-compression_evaporation

    The compression ratio in a MVR unit does not usually exceed 1.8. At a compression ratio of 1.8, if the evaporation is performed at atmospheric pressure (0.101 MPa), the condensation pressure after compression will be 0.101 x 1.8 = 0.1818 [MPa]. At this pressure, the condensation temperature of the water vapor at the heat exchanger will be 390 K.

  4. Evaporation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation

    Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun (solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation of water occurs when ...

  5. Multiple-effect evaporator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-effect_evaporator

    Originally designed for concentrating sugar in sugar cane juice, it has since become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water must be evaporated, such as salt production and water desalination. Multiple-effect evaporation commonly uses sensible heat in the condensate to preheat liquor to be flashed. In practice ...

  6. Enthalpy of vaporization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization

    Temperature-dependency of the heats of vaporization for water, methanol, benzene, and acetone. In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of vaporization (symbol ∆H vap), also known as the (latent) heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy that must be added to a liquid substance to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.

  7. Salt evaporation pond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond

    A salt evaporation pond is a shallow artificial salt ... (ω), temperature (T ... Evaporation systems are also often evaluated by the water evaporation rate per unit ...

  8. Vapour pressure of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water

    The boiling point of water is the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure. Water supercooled below its normal freezing point has a higher vapor pressure than that of ice at the same temperature and is, thus, unstable. Calculations of the (saturation) vapor pressure of water are commonly used in meteorology.

  9. Water activity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_activity

    The definition of a w is where p is the partial water vapor pressure in equilibrium with the solution, and p* is the (partial) vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature. An alternate definition can be a w ≡ l w x w {\displaystyle a_{w}\equiv l_{w}x_{w}} where l w is the activity coefficient of water and x w is the mole fraction of ...