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According to Widmer Classification for assessment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), diagnosis of chronic venous insufficiency is clearly differentiated from varicose veins. [12] It has been developed to guide decision-making in chronic venous insufficiency evaluation and treatment. [6]
In chronic venous insufficiency, sonographic examination is of most benefit; in confirming varicose disease, making an assessment of the hemodynamics, and charting the progression of the disease and its response to treatment. It has become the reference standard for examining the condition and hemodynamics of the lower limb veins.
Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI or CCVI) is a term invented by Italian researcher Paolo Zamboni in 2008 to describe compromised flow of blood in the veins draining the central nervous system. [1] [2] Zamboni hypothesized that it might play a role in the cause or development of multiple sclerosis (MS).
Diagnosis can be made using ultrasound or laparoscopy testing. The condition can also be diagnosed with a venogram, CT scan, or an MRI. Ultrasound is the diagnostic tool most commonly used. [8] Some research has suggested that transvaginal duplex ultrasound is the best test for pelvic venous reflux. [11]
PCD is fully reversible if the causal venous thrombus is promptly removed. [23] In the 40-60% of people who go on to develop venous gangrene, there is a 20-50% risk of amputation and 20-40% mortality rate. [24] [25] Following PCD resolution patients are more likely to develop venous insufficiency and post-thrombotic syndrome [26]
Cranial venous outflow obstruction, also referred to as impaired cranial venous outflow, impaired cerebral venous outflow, cerebral venous impairment is a vascular disorder that involves the impairment of venous drainage from the cerebral veins of the human brain. [1] [2] The cause of cranial venous outflow obstruction is not fully understood.
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