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The application of high-fluoride content toothpaste in adults twice daily improves the surface hardness of untreated root decay when compared to toothpaste with regular fluoride content. [37] [38] Fluoridated toothpaste is also available in the form of 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF 2 with fluoride concentration
In soft waters with low ionic content, invertebrates and fishes may develop adverse effects from fluoride concentration as low as 0.5 mg/L. Negative effects are less in hard waters and seawaters, as the bioavailability of fluoride ions is reduced with increasing water hardness [33] Seawater contains fluoride at a concentration of 1.3 mg/L. [34]
Fluoride-containing toothpaste can be classified into two types, namely low-fluoride and high-fluoride toothpaste. [12] Low-fluoride toothpaste, depending on brand, generally contains 0.22% to 0.31% fluoride. [12] These fluorides are often manufactured in the form of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, or sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP). [4]
Fluoride varnish is widely used in the United Kingdom, following guidelines from multiple sources backing its efficacy. Public Health England, a UK government organisation sponsored by the Department of Health, released guidance in 2014 recommending fluoride varnish application at least twice yearly for children and young adults. [13]
Today, the U.S. Public Health Service recommends an optimal fluoride concentration of 0.7 milligrams per liter for public water systems. Fluoride has also been an ingredient in toothpaste ...
The CDC recommends water fluoridation at a level of 0.7–1.2 mg/L, depending on climate. The CDC also advises parents to monitor use of fluoride toothpaste, and use an alternative water source other than a natural water source with a fluoride concentration above 2 mg/L, for children up to the age of 8.
Studies of more than 5,700 children conducted before fluoride-fortified toothpaste became widely available in the mid-1970s found that adding fluoride to water systems reduced the number of ...
Low concentration fluoride ions act as bacteriostatic therapeutic agent and high concentration fluoride ions are bactericidal. [123] The incorporated fluorine makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and, thus, resistant to decay. [124] Fluoride can be found in either topical or systemic form. [125]
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