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Most liquids and aqueous solutions are highly transparent. For example, water, cooking oil, rubbing alcohol, air, and natural gas are all clear. Absence of structural defects (voids, cracks, etc.) and molecular structure of most liquids are chiefly responsible for their excellent optical transmission.
Iridescence is also found in plants, animals and many other items. The range of colours of natural iridescent objects can be narrow, for example shifting between two or three colours as the viewing angle changes, [5] [6] An iridescent biofilm on the surface of a fish tank diffracts the reflected light, displaying the entire spectrum of colours ...
Glass objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire [32] in domestic, funerary, [33] and industrial contexts, [34] as well as trade items in marketplaces in distant provinces. [35] [36] Examples of Roman glass have been found outside of the former Roman Empire in China, [37] the Baltics, the Middle East, and India. [38]
Not surprisingly, a combination of these two materials in the form of the yttria-alumina garnet has proven to be one of the top performers in the field. [2] In 1961, General Electric began selling transparent alumina Lucalox bulbs. [11] In 1966, GE announced a ceramic "transparent as glass", called Yttralox. [12]
It was found that heat transfer on the hot ceramic cylinder wall was greater than the heat transfer to a cooler metal wall. This is because the cooler gas film on a metal surface acts as a thermal insulator. Thus, despite the desirable properties of ceramics, prohibitive production costs and limited advantages have prevented widespread ceramic ...
These crystals were formed into a large solid cone for transport and sale. This solid sugar cone had to be broken into usable chunks using a sugar nips device. People began to notice that tiny bursts of light were visible as sugar was "nipped" in low light, an established example of triboluminescence. [6]
Made primarily of the noble gas xenon, it can be used for building, engineering, and much more. It has virtually unlimited tensile strength; a wide variety of colors, including transparent and tan; and even different textures. The metal is unusual in that it is composed of a noble gas, which does not typically form strong molecular structures.
Macor is a white, odorless, porcelain-like glass ceramic material and was developed originally to minimize heat transfer during crewed spaceflight by Corning Inc. [18] StellaShine, launched in 2016 by Nippon Electric Glass Co., is a heat-resistant, glass-ceramic material with a thermal shock resistance of up to 800 degrees Celsius. [19]