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Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) was originally coined in 1983 by Morrison [2] and describes a dysphonia caused by increased muscle tension of the muscles surrounding the voice box: the laryngeal and paralaryngeal muscles. [3] MTD is a unifying diagnosis for a previously poorly categorized disease process.
A common misdiagnosis is muscle tension dysphonia, a functional voice disorder that results from use of the voice, rather than a structural abnormality. [27] [28] Some parameters can help guide the clinician towards a decision. In muscle tension dysphonia, the vocal folds are typically hyperadducted in a constant way, not in a spasmodic way. [29]
For example, Muscle Tension Dysphonia (MTD) has been found to be a result of many different causes including the following: MTD in the presence of an organic pathology (i.e. organic type), MTD stemming from vocal use (i.e. functional type), and MTD as a result of personality and/or psychological factors (i.e. psychogenic type). [10] [12]
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Bogart–Bacall syndrome is considered a secondary muscle tension dysphonia disorder, meaning that there is an abnormality in the voice box that causes the overuse of muscles to help produce your voice. This abnormality can be caused by an underlying medical reason or a physical exertion.
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For more severe VCD cases, physicians may inject botulinum toxin into the vocal (thyroarytenoid) muscles to weaken or decrease muscle tension. [4] [1] Nebulized Lignocaine can also been used in acute cases and helium-oxygen inhalation given by a face mask has been used in cases of respiratory distress. [4] [21] [22]
There seems to be a missing source when the author compares to symptoms of adductor spasmodic dysphonia and stuttering: "These spasms make it difficult for the vocal folds to vibrate and produce voice. Words are often cut off or are difficult to start because of the muscle spasms. Therefore, speech may be choppy but differs from stuttering."