Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
The performance of an echo canceller is measured in echo return loss enhancement (ERLE), [3] [9] which is the amount of additional signal loss applied by the echo canceller. Most echo cancellers are able to apply 18 to 35 dB ERLE. The total signal loss of the echo (ACOM) is the sum of the ERL and ERLE. [9] [10]
It specifies the latency for a bit of data to travel across the network from one communication endpoint to another. [1] [2]: 5 It is typically measured in multiples or fractions of a second. Delay may differ slightly, depending on the location of the specific pair of communicating endpoints.
Without ECN, congestion indication echo is achieved indirectly by the detection of lost packets. With ECN, the congestion is indicated by setting the ECN field within an IP packet to CE (Congestion Experienced) and is echoed back by the receiver to the transmitter by setting proper bits in the header of the transport protocol.
A consequence of congestion is that an incremental increase in offered load leads either only to a small increase or even a decrease in network throughput. [ 1 ] Network protocols that use aggressive retransmissions to compensate for packet loss due to congestion can increase congestion, even after the initial load has been reduced to a level ...
The speed of light imposes a minimum propagation time on all electromagnetic signals. It is not possible to reduce the latency below = / where s is the distance and c m is the speed of light in the medium (roughly 200,000 km/s for most fiber or electrical media, depending on their velocity factor).
The Internet Control Message Protocol provides an echo functionality, where a special packet is transmitted that always produces a reply. Tools such as ping, traceroute, MTR and PathPing use this protocol to provide a visual representation of the path packets are taking, and to measure packet loss at each hop. [b]
This page was last edited on 4 April 2014, at 16:49 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may ...
Due to the store and forward nature of delay-tolerant protocols, routing solutions for delay-tolerant networks can benefit from exposure to application-layer information. For example, network scheduling can be influenced if application data must be received in its entirety, quickly, or without variation in packet delay.