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The cognitive tests used to measure spatial visualization ability including mental rotation tasks like the Mental Rotations Test or mental cutting tasks like the Mental Cutting Test; and cognitive tests like the VZ-1 (Form Board), VZ-2 (Paper Folding), and VZ-3 (Surface Development) tests from the Kit of Factor-Reference cognitive tests produced by Educational Testing Service.
The Purdue Spatial Visualization Test-Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) is a test of spatial visualization ability published by Roland B. Guay in 1977. [1] Many modifications of the test exist. The test consists of thirty questions of increasing difficulty, the standard time limit is 20 minutes. [2] Like most measures of spatial ability, the ...
McKelvie, S. J. (1995). “The VVIQ as a psychometric test of individual differences in visual imagery performance: A critical quantitative summary and plea for direction”. Journal of Mental Imagery, 19, 1-106. Richardson, J. T. E. (1995). “Gender differences in the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire: A Meta-analysis”.
The Mental Rotations Test is a test of spatial ability by Steven G. Vandenberg and Allan R. Kuse, first published in 1978. It has been used in hundreds of studies since then. [1] [2] A meta-analysis of studies using this test showed that men performed better than women with no changes seen by birth cohort. [3]
The Mental Cutting Test is a measure of spatial visualization ability (MCT) (CEEB,1939) first developed for a university entrance examination in the USA. The test consists of 25 items. For each problem on the exam, students are shown a criterion figure which is to be cut with an assumed plane .
The block design test is also a relatively accurate measure of spatial ability and spatial visualization ability used in daily life. [7] The block design test is considered one of the best measures of spatial ability, although it is subject to certain problems of administration, such as anxiety or over-cautious responding.
Males have much higher level of performance in three major spatial tasks which include spatial visualization, spatial perception and mental rotation. [42] [43] Spatial visualization elicits the smallest difference with a deviation of 0.13, perception a deviation of 0.44 and mental rotation the largest with a deviation of 0.73.
A 2022 meta-analysis found that even small sex-based differences in general intelligence were an artifact of older tests, with current test batteries showing no statistically significant difference between the sexes, but that differences in intelligence sub-types such as processing speed (favoring females) and visual-spatial reasoning (favoring ...