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Shepherd's Crook deformity is a severe form of coxa vara where the proximal femur is severely deformed with a reduction in the neck shaft angle beyond 90 degrees. It is most commonly a sequela of osteogenesis imperfecta , Paget's disease, osteomyelitis, tumour and tumour-like conditions (e.g. fibrous dysplasia ).
A thigh-foot angle less than 10 degrees internal, and up to 30 degrees of external rotation is considered normal. [6] Femoral Anteversion. Femoral anteversion is diagnosed by physical exam. [6] The principle physical exam maneuver is an assessment of hip mobility. [6] The child is evaluated in the prone position with knees flexed to 90 degrees. [6]
Firstly, an anteroposterior (AP) perspective which shows the degree of difference between the femoral neck and femur, and another view where the hips and knees are both flexed to a right angle, which determines antetorsion. Both of these radiographs are utilised to calculate the angle of anteversion of the femoral neck. [3]
The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum. The neck is 4–5 cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees ...
In humans, female legs generally have greater hip anteversion and tibiofemoral angles, while male legs have longer femur and tibial lengths. [4] In humans, each lower limb is divided into the hip, thigh, knee, leg, ankle and foot. [5] In anatomy, arm refers to the upper arm and leg refers to the lower leg.
In the general population without these conditions, the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees. [3] The femur is the largest and thickest bone in the human body. It is considered the strongest bone by some measures, though other tests suggest the temporal bone may be stronger. On average, the femur length accounts for 26.74% of a person's ...
Anteversion and retroversion are complementary terms describing an anatomical structure that is rotated forwards (towards the front of the body) or backwards (towards the back of the body), relative to some other position.
The angle between the longitudinal axes of the femoral neck and shaft, called the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle or CCD angle, normally measures approximately 150° in newborn and 126° in adults (coxa norma). [23] [dubious – discuss] An abnormally small angle is known as coxa vara and an abnormally large angle as coxa valga.