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  2. Seismic anisotropy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_anisotropy

    The favored methods for detecting seismic anisotropy are shear wave splitting, seismic tomography of surface waves and body waves, and converted-wave scattering in the context of a receiver function. In shear-wave splitting, the S wave splits into two orthogonal polarizations, corresponding to the fastest and slowest wavespeeds in that medium ...

  3. Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheyev–Smirnov...

    In the case of normal neutrino mass hierarchy, and ,, transitions occurred inside the star, then and oscillated inside the Earth. Due to the differences in the distance traveled by neutrinos to Kamiokande, IMB and Baksan within the Earth, the MSW effect can partially explain the difference of the Kamiokande and IMB energy spectrum of events.

  4. Atmospheric escape - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_escape

    One classical thermal escape mechanism is Jeans escape, [1] named after British astronomer Sir James Jeans, who first described this process of atmospheric loss. [2] In a quantity of gas, the average velocity of any one molecule is measured by the gas's temperature, but the velocities of individual molecules change as they collide with one another, gaining and losing kinetic energy.

  5. Relativistic Doppler effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect

    The source would be time-dilated relative to the receiver, but the redshift implied by this time dilation would be offset by a blueshift due to the longitudinal component of the relative motion between the receiver and the apparent position of the source. Fig. 2b. It is much easier if, instead, we analyze the scenario from the frame of the source.

  6. Orbital decay - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_decay

    The total decelerating force, which is usually atmospheric drag for low Earth orbits, exerted on a satellite of constant mass m is given by some force F. The rate of loss of orbital energy is simply the rate at the external force does negative work on the satellite as the satellite traverses an infinitesimal circular arc-length ds , spanned by ...

  7. Outgoing longwave radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outgoing_longwave_radiation

    The growth in Earth's energy imbalance from satellite and in situ measurements (2005–2019). A rate of +1.0 W/m 2 summed over the planet's surface equates to a continuous heat uptake of about 500 terawatts (~0.3% of the incident solar radiation). [7] [8] Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) constitutes a critical component of Earth's energy ...

  8. Theta wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta_wave

    Theta waves generate the theta rhythm, a neural oscillation in the brain that underlies various aspects of cognition and behavior, including learning, memory, and spatial navigation in many animals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It can be recorded using various electrophysiological methods, such as electroencephalogram (EEG), recorded either from inside the ...

  9. Coriolis frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_frequency

    Consider a body (for example a fixed volume of atmosphere) moving along at a given latitude at velocity in the Earth's rotating reference frame. In the local reference frame of the body, the vertical direction is parallel to the radial vector pointing from the center of the Earth to the location of the body and the horizontal direction is perpendicular to this vertical direction and in the ...