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  2. Control unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_unit

    All modern CPUs have control logic to attach the CPU to the rest of the computer. In modern computers, this is usually a bus controller. When an instruction reads or writes memory, the control unit either controls the bus directly, or controls a bus controller. Many modern computers use the same bus interface for memory, input and output.

  3. System bus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_bus

    The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity, and although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, more modern computers use a variety of separate buses adapted to more specific needs. The system level bus (as distinct from a CPU's internal datapath busses) connects the CPU to memory and I/O devices. [ 1 ]

  4. Bus (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)

    Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit serial connections, and can be wired in either a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or connected by switched hubs. Many modern CPUs also feature a second set of pins similar to those for communicating with memory—but able to operate with different speeds and protocols ...

  5. Power supply unit (computer) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)

    Now all modern computers use switched-mode power supplies, which are lighter, less costly, and more efficient than equivalent linear power supplies. Computer power supplies may have short circuit protection, overpower (overload) protection, over-voltage protection, under-voltage protection, over-current protection, and over-temperature protection.

  6. Computer architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture

    The first documented computer architecture was in the correspondence between Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine.While building the computer Z1 in 1936, Konrad Zuse described in two patent applications for his future projects that machine instructions could be stored in the same storage used for data, i.e., the stored-program concept.

  7. Operating system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system

    On modern personal computers, users often want to run several applications at once. In order to ensure that one program cannot monopolize the computer's limited hardware resources, the operating system gives each application a share of the resource, either in time (CPU) or space (memory).

  8. Central processing unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

    Nearly all modern CPUs represent numbers in binary form, with each digit being represented by some two-valued physical quantity such as a "high" or "low" voltage. [g] A six-bit word containing the binary encoded representation of decimal value 40. Most modern CPUs employ word sizes that are a power of two, for example 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits.

  9. Digital electronics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_electronics

    Almost all computers are synchronous. However, asynchronous computers have also been built. One example is the ASPIDA DLX core. [47] Another was offered by ARM Holdings. [48] They do not, however, have any speed advantages because modern computer designs already run at the speed of their slowest component, usually memory.

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