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Soyuz (Russian: Союз, lit. 'union', GRAU index: 11A511) is a family of Soviet and later Russian expendable medium-lift launch vehicles initially developed by the OKB-1 design bureau and manufactured by the Progress Rocket Space Centre factory in Samara, Russia.
The project would help to assure access to space for Russia by acting as a backup launcher in the event of problems with the Angara rocket family. [7] As conceived in the mid-2010s, the smallest version was to be a 270-tonne rocket, intended as a replacement of the Soyuz-2 rocket, with an expected payload to LEO of 9 t (9,000 kg).
When the Soviet space station program began in 1971, Protons began being flown with the Blok D removed for use as a heavy-lift LEO launcher. Proton-K payloads included all of the Soviet Union's Salyut space stations , almost all Mir modules (with the exception of the Docking Module , which was launched on the United States Space Shuttle ), and ...
On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the Bayterek ("poplar tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian Angara rocket launcher. [36]
Rokot (Russian: Рокот meaning Rumble or Boom), also transliterated Rockot, was a Soviet Union (later Russian) space launch vehicle that was capable of launching a payload of 1,950 kilograms (4,300 lb) into a 200-kilometre (120 mi) Earth orbit with 63° inclination.
launch S. Krikalev landing: F. Viehböck launch K.-D. Flade landing: Visited Mir (13). This mission was launched during the Soviet era, but the country dissolved while the craft was in orbit. It returned cosmonauts from Soyuz TM-14. 67: Soyuz TM-14: 17 March 1992: 145 d 14 h 10 m 32 s: 10 August 1992: A. Viktorenko: A. Kaleri: K.-D. Flade ...
The rate of Zenit launches slowed to a trickle during the 1990s due to the severely cash-strapped Russian Federation, and also because of Russia's reluctance to fly military payloads on a booster manufactured in now-independent Ukraine. On May 20, 1997, a launch of a Tselina-2 satellite failed when the first stage shut down 48 seconds into launch.
As well as being used in the Soyuz programme as the launcher for the crewed Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz launch vehicles are now also used to launch robotic Progress supply spacecraft to the International Space Station and commercial launches marketed and operated by TsSKB-Progress and the Starsem company.