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  2. Vertebra - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra

    Each vertebra (pl.: vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species.

  3. Vertebrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate

    Vertebrates are distinguished from all other animals, including other chordates, by multiple synapomorphies, namely the vertebral column; skull of bone or cartilage, large brain divided into 3 or more sections, a muscular heart with multiple chambers; an inner ear with semicircular canals; sense organs including eyes, ears, and nose; and ...

  4. Bone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone

    A bone is a rigid organ [1] that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.

  5. Lumbar vertebrae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae

    In human anatomy, the five vertebrae are between the rib cage and the pelvis.They are the largest segments of the vertebral column and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process (since it is only found in the cervical region) and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body (as found only in the thoracic region).

  6. Endoskeleton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoskeleton

    The vertebrate endoskeleton is made up of two types of mineralized tissues, i.e. bone and cartilage, reinforced by collagenous ligaments. Vertebrates also evolved specialized striated muscles over their endoskeletons called skeletal muscles , which have serialized sarcomeres and parallel myofibrils bundled in fascicles to both generate greater ...

  7. List of bones of the human skeleton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bones_of_the_human...

    Including the bones of the middle ear and the hyoid bone, the head contains 29 bones. Cranial bones (8) Occipital bone; Parietal bones (2) Frontal bone; Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone (sometimes counted as facial) Ethmoid bone (sometimes counted as facial) Facial bones (15) Nasal bones (2) Maxilla (upper jaw) (2) Lacrimal bone (2) Zygomatic ...

  8. Spinal column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_vertebral_column

    The spinal column, also known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals.The vertebral column is the defining and eponymous characteristic of the vertebrate endoskeleton, where the notochord (an elastic collagen-wrapped glycoprotein rod) found in all chordates has been replaced by a segmented series of mineralized irregular bones ...

  9. Skeleton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton

    A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals.There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is a rigid outer shell that holds up an organism's shape; the endoskeleton, a rigid internal frame to which the organs and soft tissues attach; and the hydroskeleton, a flexible internal structure supported by the hydrostatic pressure of body fluids.