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Alkaline citrates are used to prevent recurrent calcium stone formation. [13] [14] [15] [5] This is one of the major types of kidney stones. [16] [17] The citrate salts can increase urine citrate, which binds with urine calcium, reduces supersaturation of calcium salts, and inhibits crystal formation. [18] [8] This helps prevent kidney stones ...
Increasing the amount of citrate in the blood is also important for kidney stone prevention because citrate creates chemical complexes with calcium, preventing nucleation and agglomeration with oxalate that leads to kidney stones. [2] Because of these two mechanisms of treatment, it can be used to treat both calcium oxalate and uric acid kidney ...
[4] [2] It is also used to prevent calcium-based kidney stones. [2] It is taken by mouth. [2] Effects generally begin within three hours and last for up to three days. [2] Long-term treatment with chlortalidone is more effective than hydrochlorothiazide for prevention of heart attack or stroke. [5]
Some of the oxalate in urine is produced by the body. Calcium and oxalate in the diet play a part but are not the only factors that affect the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Dietary oxalate is found in many vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Calcium from bone may also play a role in kidney stone formation. Calcium phosphate: 10–20%
The term nephrocalcinosis is used to describe the deposition of both calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. [1] It may cause acute kidney injury. It is now more commonly used to describe diffuse, fine, renal parenchymal calcification in radiology. [2] It is caused by multiple different conditions and is determined by progressive kidney dysfunction.
In kidney stones, calcium oxalate is the most common mineral type (see nephrolithiasis). Uric acid is the second most common mineral type, but an in vitro study showed uric acid stones and crystals can promote the formation of calcium oxalate stones. [1]
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