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  2. Early stopping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_stopping

    The form the population iteration, which converges to , but cannot be used in computation, while the form the sample iteration which usually converges to an overfitting solution. We want to control the difference between the expected risk of the sample iteration and the minimum expected risk, that is, the expected risk of the regression function:

  3. Overfitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting

    Overfitting is especially likely in cases where learning was performed too long or where training examples are rare, causing the learner to adjust to very specific random features of the training data that have no causal relation to the target function. In this process of overfitting, the performance on the training examples still increases ...

  4. Generalization error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalization_error

    Many algorithms exist to prevent overfitting. The minimization algorithm can penalize more complex functions (known as Tikhonov regularization ), or the hypothesis space can be constrained, either explicitly in the form of the functions or by adding constraints to the minimization function (Ivanov regularization).

  5. Regularization (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)

    In machine learning, a key challenge is enabling models to accurately predict outcomes on unseen data, not just on familiar training data. Regularization is crucial for addressing overfitting—where a model memorizes training data details but can't generalize to new data. The goal of regularization is to encourage models to learn the broader ...

  6. Dilution (neural networks) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_(neural_networks)

    On the left is a fully connected neural network with two hidden layers. On the right is the same network after applying dropout. Dilution and dropout (also called DropConnect [1]) are regularization techniques for reducing overfitting in artificial neural networks by preventing complex co-adaptations on training data.

  7. Data augmentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_augmentation

    Data augmentation is a statistical technique which allows maximum likelihood estimation from incomplete data. [1] [2] Data augmentation has important applications in Bayesian analysis, [3] and the technique is widely used in machine learning to reduce overfitting when training machine learning models, [4] achieved by training models on several slightly-modified copies of existing data.

  8. Normalization (machine learning) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization_(machine...

    reduce sensitivity to variations and feature scales in input data, reduce overfitting, and produce better model generalization to unseen data. Normalization techniques are often theoretically justified as reducing covariance shift, smoothing optimization landscapes, and increasing regularization, though they are mainly justified by empirical ...

  9. Decision tree pruning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_pruning

    Pruning reduces the complexity of the final classifier, and hence improves predictive accuracy by the reduction of overfitting. One of the questions that arises in a decision tree algorithm is the optimal size of the final tree. A tree that is too large risks overfitting the training data and poorly generalizing to new samples. A small tree ...