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  2. Markov's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov's_principle

    Markov's principle (also known as the Leningrad principle [1]), named after Andrey Markov Jr, is a conditional existence statement for which there are many equivalent formulations, as discussed below. The principle is logically valid classically, but not in intuitionistic constructive mathematics. However, many particular instances of it are ...

  3. Markovnikov's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markovnikov's_rule

    The rule states that with the addition of a protic acid HX or other polar reagent to an asymmetric alkene, the acid hydrogen (H) or electropositive part gets attached to the carbon with more hydrogen substituents, and the halide (X) group or electronegative part gets attached to the carbon with more alkyl substituents.

  4. Markov's inequality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov's_inequality

    In probability theory, Markov's inequality gives an upper bound on the probability that a non-negative random variable is greater than or equal to some positive constant. Markov's inequality is tight in the sense that for each chosen positive constant, there exists a random variable such that the inequality is in fact an equality.

  5. Church's thesis (constructive mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church's_thesis...

    In the presence of Markov's principle, the syntactical restrictions may be somewhat loosened. [ 1 ] When considering the domain of all numbers (e.g. when taking ψ ( x ) {\displaystyle \psi (x)} to be the trivial x = x {\displaystyle x=x} ), the above reduces to the previous form of Church's thesis.

  6. Causal Markov condition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_Markov_condition

    The related Causal Markov (CM) condition states that, conditional on the set of all its direct causes, a node is independent of all variables which are not effects or direct causes of that node. [3] In the event that the structure of a Bayesian network accurately depicts causality , the two conditions are equivalent.

  7. NYT ‘Connections’ Hints and Answers Today, Saturday, December 14

    www.aol.com/nyt-connections-hints-answers-today...

    If you've been having trouble with any of the connections or words in Saturday's puzzle, you're not alone and these hints should definitely help you out. Plus, I'll reveal the answers further down

  8. Andrey Markov - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Markov

    Andrey Andreyevich Markov [a] (14 June 1856 – 20 July 1922) was a Russian mathematician best known for his work on stochastic processes. A primary subject of his research later became known as the Markov chain .

  9. College football award winners: Full list of winners for 2024 ...

    www.aol.com/college-football-award-winners-full...

    Here's the full list of college football awards for 2024: College football award winners 2024. This section will be updated. Heisman Trophy. Winner: CB/WR Travis Hunter, Colorado. AP Player of the ...