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  2. Special right triangle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_right_triangle

    Set square shaped as 45° - 45° - 90° triangle The side lengths of a 45° - 45° - 90° triangle 45° - 45° - 90° right triangle of hypotenuse length 1.. In plane geometry, dividing a square along its diagonal results in two isosceles right triangles, each with one right angle (90°, ⁠ π / 2 ⁠ radians) and two other congruent angles each measuring half of a right angle (45°, or ...

  3. Rotation matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix

    A 180° rotation (middle) followed by a positive 90° rotation (left) is equivalent to a single negative 90° (positive 270°) rotation (right). Each of these figures depicts the result of a rotation relative to an upright starting position (bottom left) and includes the matrix representation of the permutation applied by the rotation (center ...

  4. Kepler's laws of planetary motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler's_laws_of_planetary...

    At θ = 90° and at θ = 270° the ... sweeps out a small triangle having base ... is the unit vector whose direction is 90 degrees counterclockwise of ^ , and is the ...

  5. Law of cosines - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cosines

    Fig. 1 – A triangle. The angles α (or A), β (or B), and γ (or C) are respectively opposite the sides a, b, and c.. In trigonometry, the law of cosines (also known as the cosine formula or cosine rule) relates the lengths of the sides of a triangle to the cosine of one of its angles.

  6. Solution of triangles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_of_triangles

    Solution of triangles (Latin: solutio triangulorum) is the main trigonometric problem of finding the characteristics of a triangle (angles and lengths of sides), when some of these are known. The triangle can be located on a plane or on a sphere. Applications requiring triangle solutions include geodesy, astronomy, construction, and navigation.

  7. Congruence (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruence_(geometry)

    The congruence theorems side-angle-side (SAS) and side-side-side (SSS) also hold on a sphere; in addition, if two spherical triangles have an identical angle-angle-angle (AAA) sequence, they are congruent (unlike for plane triangles). [9] The plane-triangle congruence theorem angle-angle-side (AAS) does not hold for spherical triangles. [10]

  8. Spherical trigonometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry

    The triangle A'B'C' is the polar triangle corresponding to triangle ABC. A very important theorem (Todhunter, [1] Art.27) proves that the angles and sides of the polar triangle are given by ′ =, ′ =, ′ =, ′ =, ′ =, ′ =. Therefore, if any identity is proved for ABC then we can immediately derive a second identity by applying the ...

  9. Small-angle approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-angle_approximation

    Using the squeeze theorem, [4] we can prove that ⁡ =, which is a formal restatement of the approximation ⁡ for small values of θ. A more careful application of the squeeze theorem proves that lim θ → 0 tan ⁡ ( θ ) θ = 1 , {\displaystyle \lim _{\theta \to 0}{\frac {\tan(\theta )}{\theta }}=1,} from which we conclude that tan ⁡ ( θ ...