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Audience design is a sociolinguistic model formulated by Herb Clark in 1982 and Gregory Murphy [1] and later elaborated by Allan Bell in 1984 [2] which proposes that linguistic style-shifting occurs primarily in response to a speaker's audience. According to this model, speakers adjust their speech primarily towards that of their audience in ...
This is in line with the audience approach to style in which styles receive their meaning as a result of their opposition to other styles in their social sphere (in this case other gay styles). The lawyer's high release of word final stops, a variable also often found in the language of geek-girls and Orthodox Jews, indexes a desire to appear ...
This idea led Bell to develop the theory of audience design, a theory that landed a prominent place within the field of sociolinguistics. While also doing work within the field of sociolinguistics, Bell has worked as a journalist and editor for several news outlets, including daily news services, weekly newspapers, and monthly magazines.
The Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA) [1] [2] is a division of Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (acquired by HMH in 2023) that creates academic assessments for students pre-K-12. NWEA assessments are used by over 50,000 schools and districts in 149 countries. [3] There are over 16.2 million students using NWEA. [4]
The test enables the assessment of a broad range of academics skills or only a particular area of need. The WIAT-II is a revision of the original WIAT (The Psychological Corporation), and additional measures. There are four basic scales: Reading, Math, Writing and Oral Language. Within these scales there is a total of 9 sub-test scores. [1]
Audience analysis tries to isolate variables like region, race, ethnicity, age, gender, and income in an effort to see how different social groups tend to construct different meanings for the same text. [9] In media studies, there are two models used to construct audience reception.
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Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the interaction between society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context and language and the ways it is used. It can overlap with the sociology of language, which focuses on the effect of language on society.