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2. Dead centre (engineering) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)

   Top dead center in a gasoline engine. In a reciprocating engine, the dead centre is the position of a piston in which it is either farthest from, or nearest to, the crankshaft. The former is known as top dead centre (TDC) while the latter is known as bottom dead centre (BDC). [1] Position of pistons

3. Ignition timing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_timing

   Sparks occurring after top dead center (ATDC) are usually counter-productive (producing wasted spark, back-fire, engine knock, etc.) unless there is need for a supplemental or continuing spark prior to the exhaust stroke. Setting the correct ignition timing is crucial in the performance of an engine. Sparks occurring too soon or too late in the ...

4. Valve timing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_timing

   Engine designers aim to close the exhaust valve just as the fresh charge from the intake valve reaches it, to prevent either loss of fresh charge or unscavenged exhaust gas. In the diagram, the valve overlap periods are indicated by the overlap of the red and blue arcs. Key: TDC = Top dead centre; BDC = Bottom dead centre; IO = Inlet valve opens

5. Big-bang firing order - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-bang_firing_order

   Just as with a boxer-four, piston pairs from opposite banks reach top-dead-centre at the same time, but with a crankpin split of only 60° instead of 180°, potentially giving a shorter and stronger or stiffer crankshaft. For 60° V6s, the crankpins are usually split the other way causing the paired pistons to reach top-dead-centre 120° apart.

6. Reciprocating engine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_engine

   The piston is returned to the cylinder top (top dead center) (TDC) by a flywheel, the power from other pistons connected to the same shaft or (in a double acting cylinder) by the same process acting on the other side of the piston. This is where the piston forms the smallest volume in the cylinder.

7. Four-stroke engine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine

   This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing a partial vacuum (negative pressure) in the cylinder through its downward motion.

8. Engine knocking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_knocking

   Under ideal conditions the common internal combustion engine burns the fuel/air mixture in the cylinder in an orderly and controlled fashion. The combustion is started by the spark plug some 10 to 40 crankshaft degrees prior to top dead center (TDC), depending on many factors including engine speed and load.

9. Otto cycle - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_cycle

   The processes are described by: [2] Process 0–1 a mass of air is drawn into piston/cylinder arrangement at constant pressure. Process 1–2 is an adiabatic (isentropic) compression of the charge as the piston moves from bottom dead center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC).