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The program can create a complete text representation of any group of objects by calling these methods, which are almost always already implemented in the base associative array class. [ 23 ] For programs that use very large data sets, this sort of individual file storage is not appropriate, and a database management system (DB) is required.
Features include generic classes, dynamic allocation, inductive datatypes and a variation of separation logic known as implicit dynamic frames [1] for reasoning about side effects. [2] Dafny was created by Rustan Leino at Microsoft Research after his previous work on developing ESC/Modula-3, ESC/Java , and Spec#.
In C++, the std::map class is templated which allows the data types of keys and values to be different for different map instances. For a given instance of the map class the keys must be of the same base type. The same must be true for all of the values.
In computing, a hash table is a data structure that implements an associative array, also called a dictionary or simply map; an associative array is an abstract data type that maps keys to values. [2] A hash table uses a hash function to compute an index, also called a hash code, into an array of buckets or slots, from which the desired value ...
In C++, the Standard Template Library (STL) provides the set template class, which is typically implemented using a binary search tree (e.g. red–black tree); SGI's STL also provides the hash_set template class, which implements a set using a hash table. C++11 has support for the unordered_set template class, which is implemented using a hash ...
Classes are self-describing user-defined reference types. Essentially all types in the .NET Framework are classes, including structs and enums, that are compiler generated classes. Class members are private by default, but can be declared as public to be visible outside of the class or protected to be visible by any descendants of the class.
In Haskell, the polymorphic function map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b] is generalized to a polytypic function fmap :: Functor f => (a -> b) -> f a -> f b, which applies to any type belonging the Functor type class. The type constructor of lists [] can be defined as an instance of the Functor type class using the map function from the previous example:
As a precursor to the lambda functions introduced in C# 3.0, C#2.0 added anonymous delegates. These provide closure-like functionality to C#. [3] Code inside the body of an anonymous delegate has full read/write access to local variables, method parameters, and class members in scope of the delegate, excepting out and ref parameters.