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Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure (ARF), [1] [2] is a sudden decrease in kidney function that develops within seven days, [3] as shown by an increase in serum creatinine or a decrease in urine output, or both.
Urea and creatinine are nitrogenous end products of metabolism. [2] Urea is the primary metabolite derived from dietary protein and tissue protein turnover.
The fractional excretion of sodium (FE Na) is the percentage of the sodium filtered by the kidney which is excreted in the urine.It is measured in terms of plasma and urine sodium, rather than by the interpretation of urinary sodium concentration alone, as urinary sodium concentrations can vary with water reabsorption.
Mexico: The standard octane index is 87 AKI for regular fuel and anywhere from 91 to 93 AKI for premium fuel, although 91 AKI is the most common octane number for premium fuel. Valero is the only station offering 93 AKI fuel in Mexico, at a premium [clarification needed] of 5% to 10% over standard 91 AKI fuel.
The diagnosis of AKI encompasses tests of the blood, urine, and imaging of the kidneys. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is used as an index of kidney function and the most frequently used diagnostic test to calculate GFR is the serum creatinine level. GFR also factors in urine and plasma solute concentration.
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The functions of the kidney include maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
Actually, AKI used to be known as acute renal failure, or ARF, but AKI is a broader term that also includes subtle decreases in kidney function. Intrarenal, or sometimes intrinsic AKI, means that the AKI’s caused by the kidneys themselves, as opposed to prerenal and postrenal causes, which are upstream and downstream from the kidneys ...