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Between 1971 and 1989, victims were submitted to chemical castration and electric aversion treatment meant to cure them of their homosexuality. [4] This trend was supported by psychiatrists who believed homosexuals were mentally ill, a claim stated in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. [5]
From 1971 to 1989, people characterized as homosexual were "submitted to chemical castrations and electric shock treatment" as an alleged cure for homosexuality. [ 13 ] Publications documenting Levin's role in the Aversion Project
Between 1971 and 1989, homosexual soldiers in the South African Defence Forces (SADF) were forced to submit to "curing" their homosexuality. See The Aversion Project . 1980s
An estimated 900 forced sexual reassignment operations may have been performed between 1971 and 1989 at military hospitals. [citation needed] Most of the victims were males, young 16 to 24-year-old white men who were drafted into the army during the South African Border War. Women were also subject to the experimentation. [citation needed]
The Defence Act of 2002 makes it a criminal offence for any SANDF member or Defence Department employee to "denigrate, humiliate or show hostility or aversion" to any person on the grounds of sexual orientation. In 2002, the SANDF extended spousal medical and pension benefits to "partners in a permanent life-partnership".
Feldman, a psychologist, and MacCulloch, a psychiatrist, discuss using the psychology of learning to treat and understand homosexual behaviour. They also provide what they describe as a "frankly speculative" attempt to combine different evidence to produce an account of "the development and maintenance of homosexual behaviour" as well as the motivations for and responses to treatment.
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Stances towards the mutability of homosexuality by church leaders have softened over the years. [12] In the 1960s and 1970s Church leaders taught that homosexuality was a curable disease and they encouraged self-help attempts by homosexual members to change their sexual orientation and cultivate heterosexual feelings.