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  2. Instruction cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_cycle

    The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetchexecute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.

  3. Instruction pipelining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipelining

    Its Execute circuitry is idle during cycle 4 and its Write-back circuitry is idle during cycle 5. When the bubble moves out of the pipeline (at cycle 6), normal execution resumes. But everything now is one cycle late. It will take 8 cycles (cycle 1 through 8) rather than 7 to completely execute the four instructions shown in colors. [b]

  4. Classic RISC pipeline - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline

    The data hazard is detected in the decode stage, and the fetch and decode stages are stalled - they are prevented from flopping their inputs and so stay in the same state for a cycle. The execute, access, and write-back stages downstream see an extra no-operation instruction (NOP) inserted between the LD and AND instructions.

  5. Execution (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_(computing)

    The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage.

  6. Cycles per instruction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction

    Each stage requires one clock cycle and an instruction passes through the stages sequentially. Without pipelining , in a multi-cycle processor , a new instruction is fetched in stage 1 only after the previous instruction finishes at stage 5, therefore the number of clock cycles it takes to execute an instruction is five (CPI = 5 > 1).

  7. Central processing unit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit

    Nearly all CPUs follow the fetch, decode and execute steps in their operation, which are collectively known as the instruction cycle. After the execution of an instruction, the entire process repeats, with the next instruction cycle normally fetching the next-in-sequence instruction because of the incremented value in the program counter. If a ...

  8. Micro-operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-operation

    In a typical fetch-decode-execute cycle, each step of a macro-instruction is decomposed during its execution so the CPU determines and steps through a series of micro-operations. The execution of micro-operations is performed under control of the CPU's control unit , which decides on their execution while performing various optimizations such ...

  9. Microcode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode

    The reason given is: Many CISC processors now do instruction fetch and decode in hardware, and execute most if not all instructions in hardware, and both RISC and CISC processors execute several operations per clock cycle. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2023)