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Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum. [1] In mucous membranes , parakeratosis is normal. [ 2 ] In the skin, this process leads to the abnormal replacement of annular squames with nucleated cells.
ThinPrep pap smear with group of normal cervical cells on left and HPV-infected cells showing features typical of koilocytes: enlarged (x2 or x3) nuclei and hyperchromasia. A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV). [1]
The Bethesda system (TBS), officially called The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology, is a system for reporting cervical or vaginal cytologic diagnoses, [1] used for reporting Pap smear results. It was introduced in 1988 [2] and revised in 1991, [3] 2001, [1] [4] [5] and 2014. [6]
Granular parakeratosis skin biopsies reveal compact parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis in the stratum corneum. [9] The characteristic feature of the illness is the presence of basophilic keratohyalin granules in cells in the higher layers of the skin. [ 10 ]
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
Papillary dermal edema are present; Typical findings: [2] The spongiosis is mild to absent; Pronounced irregular acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and parakeratosis; Minimal dermal inflammation and exocytosis of inflammatory cells are present. Possibly fibrosis of papillary dermis; PAS stain is essential to exclude fungal infection. [2] Subacute
The two screening methods available are the Pap smear and testing for HPV. CIN is usually discovered by a screening test, the Pap smear. The purpose of this test is to detect potentially precancerous changes through random sampling of the transformation zone. Pap smear results may be reported using the Bethesda system (see above).
Parakeratosis pustulosa is most commonly seen in children as an eczematoid eruption near the free margin of the nail that extends to the dorsal nail fold. Under the free margin of the nail, hyperkeratosis causes the nail plate to pull up and results in a deformity that resembles a gaping toecap separated from the sole at the seam.